Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your White Spirit shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the White Spirit offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of White Spirit at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a White Spirit? Wrong! If the White Spirit is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about White Spirit then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling White Spirit? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about White Spirit and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your White Spirit wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your White Spirit then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the White Spirit site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about White Spirit, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your White Spirit, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
White spirit, also known as
Stoddard solvent, is a paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common organic solvent used in painting and decorating. In 1924, an Atlanta
dry cleaning named W. J. Stoddard worked with Lloyd E. Jackson of the Mellon Research Institute to develop specifications for a less volatile dry cleaning solvent as an alternative to more volatile petroleum solvents. Dry cleaners began using it in 1928 and it was the predominant dry cleaning solvent in the United States from the late 1920s until the late 1950s.
It is a mixture of saturated
aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12
alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons.
White spirit is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosol spray,
paints, wood preservatives,
lacquers,
varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. White spirit is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. In households, white spirit is commonly used to clean paint brushes after decorating. Its paint thinning properties enable brushes to be properly cleaned (by preventing the paint from hardening and ruining the bristles) and therefore enabling them to be re-used.
Three different types and three different grades of white spirit exist. The type refers to whether the solvent has been subjected to
hydrodesulfurization (removal of sulfur) alone (type 1), solvent extraction (type 2) or hydrogenation (type 3). Each type comprises three different grades: low flash grade, regular grade, and high flash grade. The grade is determined by the crude oil used as the starting material and the conditions of distillation.
In addition there is type 0, which is defined as distillation fraction with no further treatment, consisting predominantly of saturated C9 to C12 hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 140-200 °C.
Physical properties
The physical properties of the three types of white spirit are:
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"!Property!T1: Low flash!T2: Regular!T3: High flash|-|Initial
boiling point (IBP) (°C) ] || 140 || 150 || 160|-|Relative density (15 °C) ] (°C) || 21-30 || 31-54 || > 55|-|Vapour pressure (kPa, 20 °C) ] (n-butyl acetate=1) || 0.47 || 0.15 || 0.04|-|Autoignition temperature (°C) ] (% by volume in air) || 0.6 - 6.5 || 0.6 - 6.5 || 0.6 - 8|-|Vapour density (air=1) ] (at 20 °C) || 1.41-1.44 || 1.41-1.44 || 1.41-1.44|-|Viscosity (cps, 25 °C) ] (% by weight in water) || < 0.1 || < 0.1 ||< 0.1|-|
Kauri-butanol value ] (°C) || 60-75 || 60-75 || 60-75|-|
Reactivity ] (mg/m3) || - || 0.5-5 || 4|}
Toxicity
White spirit is mainly classed as an Irritant.
White spirit has a fairly low acute toxicity by inhalation of the vapour, dermal (touching the skin) and oral routes (ingestion). However, acute exposure can lead to central nervous system depression resulting in lack of coordination and slowed reactions. Exposure to very high concentrations in enclosed spaces can lead to general
narcotic effects (drowsiness, dizziness, nausea etc...) and can eventually lead to unconsciousness. Oral ingestion presents a high aspiration hazard. Prolonged or repeated skin exposure over a long period of time can result in severe irritant
dermatitis, also called
contact dermatitis. It is highly recommended that skin exposure is kept to a minimum by use of gloves and that hands are washed after coming into contact with it. Occasional exposure to skin is highly unlikely to cause any problems.
Exposure to an average white spirit concentration of 240 mg/m3(40 ppm) for more than 13 years could lead to chronic Central nervous system effects. White spirit is implicated in the development of "chronic toxic encephalopathy" among house painters.
Owing to the volatility and low bioavailability of its constituents, white spirit, although it is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms, is unlikely to present significant hazards to the environment. It should not however, be purposely poured down the sink or freshwater drain if avoidable. It should be disposed of correctly wherever possible.
See also
References
External links
- Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Stoddard Solvent Toxicity
White spirit, also known as
Stoddard solvent, is a
paraffin-derived clear, transparent liquid which is a common organic
solvent used in painting and decorating. In 1924, an Atlanta dry cleaning named W. J. Stoddard worked with Lloyd E. Jackson of the Mellon Research Institute to develop specifications for a less volatile dry cleaning solvent as an alternative to more volatile petroleum solvents. Dry cleaners began using it in 1928 and it was the predominant dry cleaning solvent in the United States from the late 1920s until the late 1950s.
It is a mixture of saturated
aliphatic and
alicyclic C7 to C12
hydrocarbons with a maximum content of 25% of C7 to C12 alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons.
White spirit is used as an extraction solvent, as a cleaning solvent, as a degreasing solvent and as a solvent in aerosol spray, paints, wood preservatives, lacquers,
varnishes, and asphalt products. In western Europe about 60% of the total white spirit consumption is used in paints, lacquers and varnishes. White spirit is the most widely used solvent in the paint industry. In households, white spirit is commonly used to clean paint brushes after decorating. Its paint thinning properties enable brushes to be properly cleaned (by preventing the paint from hardening and ruining the bristles) and therefore enabling them to be re-used.
Three different types and three different grades of white spirit exist. The type refers to whether the solvent has been subjected to
hydrodesulfurization (removal of sulfur) alone (type 1), solvent extraction (type 2) or
hydrogenation (type 3). Each type comprises three different grades: low flash grade, regular grade, and high flash grade. The grade is determined by the
crude oil used as the starting material and the conditions of distillation.
In addition there is type 0, which is defined as distillation fraction with no further treatment, consisting predominantly of saturated C9 to C12 hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 140-200 °C.
Physical properties
The physical properties of the three types of white spirit are:
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"!Property!T1: Low flash!T2: Regular!T3: High flash|-|Initial
boiling point (IBP) (°C) ] || 140 || 150 || 160|-|
Relative density (15 °C) ] (°C) || 21-30 || 31-54 || > 55|-|Vapour pressure (kPa, 20 °C) ] (n-butyl acetate=1) || 0.47 || 0.15 || 0.04|-|Autoignition temperature (°C) ] (% by volume in air) || 0.6 - 6.5 || 0.6 - 6.5 || 0.6 - 8|-|
Vapour density (air=1) ] (at 20 °C) || 1.41-1.44 || 1.41-1.44 || 1.41-1.44|-|Viscosity (cps, 25 °C) ] (% by weight in water) || < 0.1 || < 0.1 ||< 0.1|-|
Kauri-butanol value ] (°C) || 60-75 || 60-75 || 60-75|-|Reactivity ] (mg/m3) || - || 0.5-5 || 4|}
Toxicity
White spirit is mainly classed as an
Irritant.
White spirit has a fairly low acute toxicity by inhalation of the vapour, dermal (touching the skin) and oral routes (ingestion). However, acute exposure can lead to central nervous system depression resulting in lack of coordination and slowed reactions. Exposure to very high concentrations in enclosed spaces can lead to general
narcotic effects (drowsiness, dizziness, nausea etc...) and can eventually lead to unconsciousness. Oral ingestion presents a high aspiration hazard. Prolonged or repeated skin exposure over a long period of time can result in severe irritant dermatitis, also called contact dermatitis. It is highly recommended that skin exposure is kept to a minimum by use of gloves and that hands are washed after coming into contact with it. Occasional exposure to skin is highly unlikely to cause any problems.
Exposure to an average white spirit concentration of 240 mg/m3(40 ppm) for more than 13 years could lead to chronic
Central nervous system effects. White spirit is implicated in the development of "chronic toxic encephalopathy" among house painters.
Owing to the volatility and low bioavailability of its constituents, white spirit, although it is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms, is unlikely to present significant hazards to the environment. It should not however, be purposely poured down the sink or freshwater drain if avoidable. It should be disposed of correctly wherever possible.
See also
- Mineral spirits
- Turpentine substitute
- WD-40
References
External links
- Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Stoddard Solvent Toxicity
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